জরায়ু মুখের ক্যান্সার : কারণ, লক্ষণ এবং চিকিৎসা (Cervical Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment)

Cervical cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the uterus. The uterus is part of the female reproductive system and is located in the lower part of the womb, which opens from the womb to the vagina. This cancer is also known as cervical cancer. Cervical cancer ranks fourth among all cancers and currently kills one every 2 minutes. Importantly, it is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in 42 countries.

What causes cervical cancer?

Most cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is a group of viruses that are very common around the world. There are more than 100 types of HPV, of which at least 14 are known to cause cancer (also called high-risk types). Two HPV types (16 and 18) cause 70 percent of cervical cancers and precancerous cervical lesions. There is also evidence linking HPV to cancers of the anus, vagina, penis and oropharynx.

Cervical cancer symptoms and early signs

The most common symptoms of cervical cancer are:

Bleeding during periods

Bleeding after intercourse

Bleeding after menopause

Discomfort or bleeding during intercourse

Strong smelling vaginal discharge

Vaginal discharge with blood

Pain while urinating

Stages of cervical cancer

Determining the stage of cancer is important, as it helps a person decide on the most effective treatment. The purpose of staging is to assess how far the cancer has spread and whether it has reached nearby or more distant organs.

Stage 0: Precancerous cells are present.

Stage 1: Cancer cells have grown from the surface into deeper tissues of the uterus and possibly into the uterus and nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 2: Cancer has now grown into the uterus and beyond the uterus, but

Does not reach the pelvic wall or lower part of the vagina. It may or may not affect nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 3: Cancer cells are present in the lower part of the vagina or in the wall of the pelvis, and the tubes that carry urine from the bladder can block the urethra. It may or may not affect nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 4: Cancer affects the bladder or rectum and is growing outside the pelvis. It may or may not affect the lymph nodes. In stage 4, it will spread to distant organs, including the liver, bones, lungs, and lymph nodes.

Risk factors for cervical cancer

HPV is the biggest risk factor for cervical cancer. Other factors that may increase your risk include:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Chlamydia

smoking

obesity

Family history of cervical cancer

Eat less fruits and vegetables

Use of birth control pills

Three full-term pregnancies

Getting pregnant for the first time under the age of 17

Cervical cancer treatment

surgery

The goal of surgery is to remove as much cancer as possible. Sometimes the doctor can only remove the part of the uterus where the cancer cells are. For cancers that are more extensive, surgery may include removal of the cervix and other parts of the pelvis.

Radiation therapy

Radiation uses high-energy X-ray beams to kill cancer cells. It can be delivered outside the body through a machine. It can also be delivered from inside the body using a metal tube placed in the uterus or vagina.

chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. This treatment of chemotherapy is done in several cycles. You will be given chemo for a while. The patient's body is then given time to recover.